Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects 16 million Americans and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Identifying small airway disease in its earliest stages, when it is most treatable, could potentially lead to new drug therapies for those with COPD, researchers say.
However, it has been difficult for physicians to identify abnormalities of the small airways non-invasively; the tiny bronchioles that are first damaged in COPD, which are less than 2mm in internal diameter, are simply too small to be visualized on CT imaging, and are not well-reflected by pulmonary function tests. In a landmark study funded by the NHLBI, an international team of researchers led by Michigan Medicine confirmed the ability of a noninvasive imaging biomarker to identify small airway damage in COPD.
In the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, researchers report on the ability of a relatively new technique, called parametric response mapping (PRM), to identify small airway abnormality in COPD. Invented at Michigan Medicine, the University of Michigan’s academic medical center, by Brian Ross, PhD, professor of radiology and biological chemistry and Craig Galban, PhD, associate professor of radiology, PRM is a noninvasive technique that measures lung density during inhalation and exhalation.
The team examined lung tissue from patients with COPD undergoing lung transplantation, as well as those with healthy donated tissue. Researchers then mapped those samples back to the CT scans taken before surgery.
They confirmed that PRM was able to noninvasively identify small airway loss, narrowing, and obstruction. This technical feat required the collaboration of large, multi-disciplinary teams of radiologists, pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons, and pathologists in multiple locations across two countries, all activated around the clock due to the unpredictable nature of transplant surgery.
Senior author MeiLan Han, MD, a lung specialist and professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan, comments: “Now we have confidence in our ability to identify airway disease when imaging COPD patients. PRM is already clinically available and used by University of Michigan clinical teams to assess patients with COPD. This is what we mean by bench to bedside medicine.”
While these studies were performed in patients with severe disease, in another NHLBI-funded study, COPDGene, the PRM-defined small airway abnormalities have been detected on CT scans of patients with milder disease and help to predict patients who will lose lung function. Still, Han says, “We still need to validate the type of airway disease the PRM technique identifies in patients with milder disease. That type of lung tissue is more difficult to obtain, but we are working on techniques that would allow us to use smaller amounts of lung tissue to make such studies feasible.”
