Study addresses health disparities in imaging services across rural and disadvantaged US regions
Regions of the US with an extreme level of socioeconomic disadvantage are less likely to have access to accredited medical imaging facilities and centers of excellence, according to a research letter published in Radiology, a journal of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA).
Reportedly, higher proportions of the disadvantaged zip codes are located in the rural southern portion of the US. A lack of access to high-quality imaging facilities has the potential to lead to delayed or missed diagnoses.
“Patients living in rural areas face unique barriers that prevent them from getting timely access to imaging services”, explained study co-author Anand Narayan, MD, PhD, vice-chair of equity and associate professor in the Department of Radiology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “If we as a community want to improve overall access to recommended imaging services, it is critical that we incorporate rural perspectives, particularly as many academic radiology departments are centered in urban or suburban areas”.
For the study, the researchers used the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). Originally developed in the 1980s by the Health Resources and Services Administration, the ADI is maintained and updated by researchers from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Center for Health Disparities Research. The ADI measures the level of socioeconomic disadvantages of a region using 17 census-based metrics, such as income, education, and housing quality. Regions with greater disadvantages are ranked higher.
“The ADI is freely available for policymakers, researchers, patients, caregivers and clinicians”, Narayan commented. “Health systems can proactively identify barriers experienced by patients who live in areas of extreme deprivation”.
To study the availability of accredited imaging facilities in extremely disadvantaged regions in the US, Narayan and colleagues used the ADI to identify zip codes that were either greater than or equal to the 97th percentile, which is reportedly considered extremely disadvantaged. Zip codes that were less than or equal to the 3rd percentile were considered extremely advantaged.
Researchers identified 2,796 US zip codes that met the criteria for extremely disadvantaged. Of these, rural zip codes totaled 1,160, and urban zip codes totaled 1,636. There were 1,028 extremely advantaged zip codes, with 39 being rural and 989 being urban.
Across a number of imaging modalities, extremely disadvantaged zip codes had less access to accredited facilities. According to the team, only 21% of extremely disadvantaged zip codes had access to CT facilities, as compared to the 32% of extremely advantaged zip codes. This trend carried over to a number of other imaging modalities, such as MRI, with 19% of extremely disadvantaged zip codes having access, compared to 32% of extremely advantaged zip codes.
The largest disparity was found in ultrasound access, according to the study. Only 14% of extremely disadvantaged zip codes had access to accredited ultrasound facilities, compared to 29% of extremely advantaged zip codes.
“Radiology department leaders can use the ADI to inform the expansion and allocation of imaging services to ensure that areas of extreme deprivation have access to high-quality imaging services”, Narayan concluded.
